If
you would like to support this web site and the amount of research it
involves, I will be grateful and will give you access to a library of
resources
|
INDEX OF NAMES
A
- B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z
A
- Aaron of Lincoln, one of the wealthiest man in England after the Norman conquest
- Aaron Hart, Chief Rabbi of England
- Abaye,
one of the leading figure of the Babylonian amoraim, and son of
Rabba
- Abraham bar Hiyya, Jewish scholar and mathematician from Christian Spain and Narbonne
- Abraham ibn Daud (Rabad), author of the Sefer ha-Kabbalah
- Adam, the first man, death, transmission of his tradition
- Abel, son of Adam and Eve, murdered
by his brother Cain
- Abimelech, illegitimate son of Judge
Gideon, oppressed the Israelites
- Abraham, Abram of Ur, first time God speaks to him, in Egypt, with Pharaoh, Covenant with God, name change to Abraham, Oak of Abraham in Hebron
- Absalom, rebellious son of David
- Abulafia, Abraham, Jewish scholar of the Medieval age who authored books of Kabbalah and attempted to convert the Pope to Judaism
- Abydos, capital of Ancient Egypt
- Adler, Nathan, Chief Rabbi of England
- Aelia Capitolina, Roman city built
over the destroyed Jerusalem
- Agrippa, king of Judea
- Agrippa
II, king of Judea son of Agrippa, he sided with the Romans
during the War of the Jews and witnessed the destruction of Jerusalem
- Ahasuerus (Xerxes), Persian king,
took Esther as a wife
- Akiva, rabbi, executed after the
Great Revolt
- Alami, Solomon,
a Jewish thinker who escaped the massacres of 1391 in Spain, and wrote
Iggeret Musar (Letter of Advice) about the cause of the ordeal
- Alhambra Decree, promugated by the Catholic Monarchs to expell the Jews from Spain
- Alexander the Great
- Alexander
Severus, Roman emperor
- Alexander II, Czar of Russia, his assassination in 1881 triggerred a chain of Anti-semitic pogroms in Imperial Russia
- Alexandria,
city founded by the Greeks in Egypt, massacre of the Jews
- Aliyah, waves of mass emigration to Palestine starting from the end of the 19th century; First Aliyah, Second, Third,
- Alkabetz, Solomon, one of the Jewish scholar of Safed
- Alphabet, introduction in Canaan, introduction in Persia
- Altneuschul, the synogague of Prague, built in 1270; it is the oldest standing synagogue in Europe today
- Al-Andalus,
name given by the Muslims to their Spanish conquered dominion; in 1212, the Almohads lost their dominion in Spain, and only remained the kingdom of Granada until 1492
- Al-Aqsa
Mosque, the third most sacred mosque in Islam
- Amalekites, tribe who lived
in the desert south from Canaan, war against King Saul, Haman of Persia
- Amarna Period, monotheist heresy of
Akhenaten
- Ammonites, people of the Eastern
side of the Jordan River, descendants of Lot
- Amnon of Mainz, Rabbi who was martyred by the Archbishop of that city in the medieval times; author of the prayer Unetanneh Tokef
- Amoraim,
the redactors of the Gemara, which completed the Talmud
- Antigonus
of Socho, head of the Sanhedrin who was elected after Simon
the Just
- Antipater, father of Herod,
procurator of Judea
- Antoninus Pius, Roman emperor
- Antony, Roman general, married to
Cleopatra, rebelled against Octavian
- Apameia,
Syrian city which enjoyed political and religious freedom in the Roman
Empire
- Apostomos,
obscure character mentioned in the Talmud
- Aramaeans,
people of Northern Syria, Aram son of Shem, the Arameans rule over Israel
- Aretas, king of the Nabataeans
- Arculf, a Christian monk who travelled to the Holy Land in the 7th century and left an important account of his travel
- Ark of the
Covenant, from Shiloh to Beth-El, captured by the Philistines, in Kiriath-Jearim, brought to Jerusalem, hidden
by King Josiah
- Asenath, wife of Joseph
- Ashkenaz, grandson of
Noah, ancestor of the Scythians
- Ashur-Dan III, king of
Assyria
- Assur, son of Shem
- Arpachshad, son of Shem
- Athaliah, self-made queen of the
kingdom of Judah
- Athanasius,
the
Bishop of Alexandria who finalised the content of the New Testament
- Atrahasis, Babylonian
epic with the tales of the Creation and the Flood
- Augustus, Roman emperor renamed from
Octavian
- Avot
de-Rabbi Nathan, a tosephta (commentary) on the Talmudic
tractate Avot
- Azariah dei Rossi, author of the controversial book Me'or Enayim
- Azoulai, Haim, Jewish scholar
- Baal Sham Tov, Rabbi from 18th century Ukraine who became the founder of the Chasidism movement; his legacy
- Babylon, rebellion after Hammurabi
- Balaam, a Biblical character called a "seer of God"; his existence was proven by archaeology
- Balthazar Orobio,
Spanish Christian of Jewish descent who got accused by the Inquisition,
eventually fred; he fled to Holland and publicly converted to Judaism
- Bar-Kochba, Jewish leader of the
last rebellion against Rome called the Great Revolt
- Barbarian
invasions in the Roman empire
- Bat Creek inscription, an ancient stone found in Tennessee with an inscription in Paleo-Hebrew dating from King Solomon
- Bathsheba, Israelite wife covetted
by King David, mother of Solomon
- Battles: Kadesh 1274 BCE, Qarqar
853 BCE, Megiddo 609 BCE, Carchemish 605 BCE, Pelusium 525 BCE, Issus 333 BCE, Raphia/Gaza 217 BCE, Emmaus 166 BCE, Neapolis/Samaria 111 BCE, Alexandria 48 BCE, Actium 31 BCE, Jotapata 67 CE, siege of Jerusalem 70 CE by Titus, Masada 74 CE, Lydda 117 CE, Betar 135 CE, Milvian
Bridge 312 CE,
- Belisarus,
Byzantine general who commanded the campaign against the Vandals in
North Africa
- Belshazzar, king of Babylon
- Benjamin, war against the tribe, founders of Rome
- Benjamin of Tudela, Spanish Jew who travelled to Europe, Africa, the Holy Land and Mesopotamia in the Middle Ages
- Ben-Hadad, king of Aram
- Besht, see Baal Shem Tov
- Berab, Jacob, one of the Jewish scholars of Safed
- Bertrandon de la Brocquiere, traveller who visited the Holy Land in the Middle Age
- Beruriah,
last wife of Rabbi Meir; she was the daughter of the martyr Rabbi
Hananiah ben Teradyon
- Betar, city of the last stand of
Bar-Kochba and his followers against Rome
- Beth-Shearim, city of Galilee where
the Sanhedrin settled for several years
- Bevis Marks, oldest synagogue operating in the UK
- Big Bang, theory about the start of
the Universe
- Black Plague, epidemics that killed about one third of the European population in the 14th century
- Blois, city of Central France where the Jews were the firt time accused of ritual murder in that country
- Blood for Trucks,
negotiation between Nazi Germany and the Jews to spare the one million
Jews from Hungary from death in exchange for the supply of trucks; the
initiative was opposed by Britain who refused to allow Jewish
immigration to Palestine
- Boabdil, the last ruler of the kingdom of Granada before it fell to the Catholic Monarchs
- Boaz, husband of Ruth the Moabite,
ancestor of King David
- Boethus,
disciple of Antigonus of Socho from whom the Boethusian sect started
- Book of the
Dead, Egyptian,
- Book of Creation, or Sefer Yetzirah, is the oldest Kabbalist book
- Book
ef Enoch
- Book of Sirach
- Book of the Jubilees
- Book of the Maccabees
- Book
of Zerubbabel, or Sefer Zerubbabel, apocalytic text written
about 615 CE
- Bomberg, Daniel, a Christian of Venice who started the publication of the Talmud and other Jewish Scriptures from 1520
- Brazen Sea, see
Molten Sea
- Brodie, Israel, Chief Rabbi of Britain
- Bronze Age
- Byzantium,
the new capital of the Roman empire as decided by Emperor Constantine
C
- Cain, murder of Abel, descendance, death
- Caleb son of Jephuneh, explorer sent
by Moses to Canaan, one of the leaders of the conquest
- Caligula, Roman emperor
- Canaan,
son of Cham, the Canaanites, conquest by Joshua, allotment to the 12 tribes
- Capsali, Eliyahu, rabbi from Crete and historian who wrote a History of the Jews of Venice
- Caracalla,
Roman emperor
- Caro, Joseph, one of the Jewish scholar of Safed, author of the Shulchan Aruch
- Carthage, foundation
and fall, conquest by the Vandals, conquest
by the Muslims
- Casimir III, so-called The Great, ruler of Poland in the 14th century, protected the Jews
- Cathars, followers of a Christian movement considered as heretic by the Roman Catholic Church; the Pope called for crusade against them
- Catholic Monarchs, name given by the Pope to the royal couple Isabella of Castille and Ferdinand of Aragon
- Census of the Israelites: by Moses in the desert, by Joshua before Canaan, by King David, by Agrippa
- Cerf Beer, French Jew who acted towards gaining civil rights for the Jews in France
- Cestius, ill-fated campaign in Judea
- Chafetz Chayim, see Kagan
- Chaim of Volozhin, disciple of the Vilna Gaon and author of Nefesh ha-Chaim
- Cham,
son of Noah, his sons, descendants
- Circumcision, sign of the Covenant
between God and the Hebrews
- Clemens or Flavius Clemens, member
of the Flavia dynasty
- Columbus, navigator who discovered the American continent, some scholars believe he was Jewish
- Comets,
the regular movement of a comet is mentioned in the Talmud
- Conquest of England by the Normans in 1066; the Jews arrived to England for the first time
- Constantine,
Roman emperor
- Cordovero, Moses, one of the Jewish scholars of Safed, author of books of mysticism
- Cochin, city of India where Jews first settled in that country
- Creation, the six days of the Creation, corruption
- Cremieux, Adolphe,
Jewish French minister, co-founder of the Alliance Israelite
Universelle (AIU) and author of the decree that gave French citizenship
to the French Jews of Algeria
- Crescas, Hasdai,
Jewish philosopher and scholar who became the main leader of the Jewish
communities of Spain at the time around the massacres of 1391
- Crusades, the First Crusade was concluded by the conquest of the Holy Land, the Third Crusade was arranged after the loss of the Holy Land but ended with a mix result
- Cyrus cylinder, giving freedom for
the Jews captive of Babylon
D
- Daniel, taken to Babylon, the fiery furnace, interprets the writing of the wall, prophecy of Jeremiah, the lions' den, death
- Danites; the Tribe of Dan was one of the Twelve Tribes of Israel
- David Kimchi (Machir), leader of the important Jewish community of Narbonne in the Middle-Age
- Decapolis, region of the ten cities
of Judea built for the non-Jews
- Demetrios,
Jewish writer of the 3rd century BCE in Alexandria who was first to
build a chronology of Jewish history
- Denys
the Small, a Christian scholar who calculated the date of
Jesus' birth
- Dhu
Nuwas, Yusef Dhu Nuwas, a Jewish king of Yemen
- Diaspora, before CE, Jewish upraising in Cyrene, until
the fall of Rome
- Diocletian,
Roman emperor
- Dionysus Exiguus, see Denys
the Small
- Disputation of Barcelona, led by the Inquisition, debated by Nahmanides for the Jewish community
- Disputation of Paris, called by King Louis IX in 1240, it ended by the burning of all Talmudic manupscripts in Paris in 1244
- Disputation of Pamplona, Spain, in 1375
- Disputation of Tortosa, Spain, in 1413
- Djoser, pharaoh of the early dynasty
of Egypt
- Dome
of the Rock, mosque built on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem on
the location where the Jewish Temple stood
- Domitian, emperor of the Flavia
dynasty
- Dreyfus, Alfred, Captain in the French army who was wrongly accused of spying for Germany; his case caused a gread divide in the French society
E
- Earth, about
its spinning
- Eber, ancestor
of the Hebrews, 14th generation of mankind, death
- Ecclesia and Synagoga, a Middle-Age European depiction of the Church compared to the Synagogue
- Edict of Tolerance, law passed in Austria and in France towards the end of the 18th century to grant some civil rights to the Jews
- Egypt, foundation, Early Dynasty, 13th Dynasty, 18th Dynasty begins, Tax system, Amarna Period, 21st Dynasty "Taanite", Meshwesh, 26th Dynasty
- Ekron, one of
the five main Philistine cities; its Biblical name has been confirmed
by an archaeological item, the Ekron inscription
- Eleazar son of
Aaron, death
- Eli the (High) Priest
- Enmerkar, city-state of Mesopotamia
- Enoch (Hanoch
in Hebrew), pre-Flood Biblical character who was taken away from Earth
by God; a book has been named after him
- Enuma
Elish, ancient Babylonian tale of the Creation
- Enosh, son of Seth, death
- Eratosthenes,
Greek astronomer who calculated the diameter of the Earth
- Eridu, city-state of Mesopotamia
- Eridu
Genesis, Babylonian tale of the Creation
- Esau, son of Isaac, descendants
- Esarhaddon, king of Assyria
- Euclid,
Greek mathematician of Alexandria
- Eudocia, empress of Byzanteum, who lived in the Jerusalem in the last years of her life and built much in the city
- Eudoxus
of Cnidus, Greek mathematician, disciple of Plato
- Exilarch, title given to the head of the Jewish exiles during the Persian and Muslim empires; the leader was of Davidic descent
- Exodus, calculation of the date
- Ezekiel plaques
- Ezra the Scribe, leader of the
Return to Sion, compiler of the Tanakh (Bible)
- Expulsion of the Jews: from England, from France, from Spain, from Portugal, from Provence
F
- Fall of Constantinople and of the Eastern Roman Empire, an event that marked the end of the Middle Age
- Fall of Granada, event that marked the end of the Muslim presence in Spain
- Faustina the Younger, daughter of
Antoninus Pius and wife of Marcus Aurelius
- Felix, procurator of Judea
- Final Solution, plan adopted by Nazi Germany to exterminate the Jews of Europe in mass extermination camps
- First Crusade, the crusade which was called on 1095 and culminated with the taking of Jerusalem in 1099
- Fiscus Judaicus, tax imposed on the
Jews after the Jewish-Roman war
- Flaccus,
Roman governor of Egypt who caused tensions with the local Jewish
community
- Flood, post-Flood genetic mutations, Babylonian
records of the Flood
- Foundation
Stone, the stone that lays under the Dome of the Rock and
where the Holy of Holies was located
- Frank, Jacob,
Sabbatean Jew from Ukraine who claimed to be the reincarnation of
Sabbatai Zevi, and who later converted to Christianity with his
followers
G
- Gaonim, era of Jewish scholars who had authority over the Diaspora from the Babylonian centers; the era ended in 1040 CE
- Gamaliel,
so-called Rabban Gamaliel, grandson of Hillel the Elder, head of the
Sanhedrin in the 1st century CE
- Gamaliel
VI, last head of the Sanhedrin, executed in 425 CE
- Gedaliah, governor of Judea
- Gelimer,
last king of the Vandals
- Generations: from Adam to the Flood, from the Flood to Babel,
- Genetics, the
Q Haplogroup in Europe
- Genseric,
king of the Vandals who conquered North Africa
- Geronimo de Santa Fe, Jewish physician who converted to Christianity and caused the Disputation of Tortosa
- Gibeon,
Jewish leader of North Africa who, with the Berbers, fought
successfully against the Vandals
- Gilgamesh, epic, comparison to the Bible
- Girgashites, one of the Canaanite
people who left at the time of Joshua conquest, Procopius
testimonial
- Gog and Magog,
this refers to the conflict that will occur before the venue of the
Messiah, blessings
of Noah, origin of the name
- Grand Mufti,
an Arab leader during Mandate Palestine who opposed Jewish immigration
and conspired with Naxi Germany to exterminate the Jews of Europe
- Great Revolt, name given to the
rebellion led by Bar-Kochba that restored an independant Jewish state
for 2.5 years
- Greek
philosophers: Hesiod, Thales, Pythagoras, Herodotus, Aristotle, Hecataeus of Abdera
H
- Hadad, king of Edom
- Hadrian, Roman emperor
- Hammurabi, king of Babylon, Hammurabi code, death
- Hananiah
ben Teradyon, a Rabbi of the 2nd century, father in law of
Rabbi Meir; both were among the ten martyrs following the Bar-Kochba
Revolt
- Hanoch, son of Yered, mysterious death
- Haran, brother of Abraham, tragid
death in Ur
- Hasdai Crescas, a Jewish philosopher from 14th century Barcelona, who witnessed the massacre of the Jewish population in this city
- Hasdai ibn Shaprut, Jew from Muslim Spain who greatly contributed to the rise of the Jewish scholarship in Spain
- Haskalah, movement promoted by Moses Mendelssohn in favour of the assimilation of the Jews
- Hasmonean
Dynasty: Simon Maccabee (founder), John Hyrcanus, brothers Aristobulus and Antigonus, Alexander Jannai, Antigonus son of Aristobulus, Mariamne wife of Herod
- Hatshepsut, queen of Egypt
- Hazael, king of Aram
- Hazorites, Canaanite people from the
city-state of Hazor
- Ha-Cohen, Joseph, author of The Vale of the Tears
- Hebrews: their origin, slavery in Egypt, the Exodus, generations in Egypt, giving of the Torah, the 12 Tribes
- Helena, queen of Adiabene
- Helena, Saint, mother of Emperor
Constantine
- Herod, "King of the Jews"
- Hertz, Joseph, war-time Chief Rabbi of Britain
- Herzl, Theodor,
assimilated Jew from Austria who campaigned for the creation of a
Jewish homeland as a mean to solve the issue of their miseries; he
founded the concept of Zionism
- Hezekiah, king of Judea, one of the last who walked in the path of God
- High Priests: Simon the Just, Onias, Simon II, Alcimus (Hellenistic), "Teacher of Righteousness"
(founder of the Essenes sect), Simon Maccabee, Hyrcanus II, Jonathan, Ananus son of Ananus
- Hiram, king of Phoenicia
- Hirschell, Solomon, Chief Rabbi of England
- Holocaust, (in Hebrew Shoah), the state-organised extermination of the European Jews at the hands of Nazi Germany
- Homo Sapiens
- Hundred Years' War: war between France and England in the 14th and 15th centuries
- Hyksos, people of the deserts who
invaded Egypt
I
- Ibn Attar, Haim, Jewish scholar who authored the book Ohr ha-Haim
- Ibn Gabirol, Solomon, Jewish poet and scholar from Muslim Spain; he wrote The Fountain of Life
- Ineni, great vizir of Egypt
- Inquisition, institution decreed in 1232 by the Pope to fight the Christian heretics; it then turned against the Jews
- Ipuwer
Papyrus, ancient Egyptian document that seems to describe
plagues that fell upon Egypt
- Isaac, son of Abraham, blesses Jacob, death,
- Ismael,
son of Abraham, death
- Israel, State of, U.N. vote of November 1947, creation in 1948, the Six-Day War, the Yom Kippur War, the South Lebanon War, the Lebanon War, the Intifada, the Oslo Accords
J
- Jabotinksy, Ze'ev, Zionist leader who promoted Jewish self-defense and founded the Revisionist movement
- Jacob, son of Isaac, goes to Charan, union with Leah and Rachel, births of his sons, return to Canaan, goes down to Egypt, death, burial in Canaan
- Jakobovits, Immanuel, Chief Rabbi of Britain
- James the Just, brother of Jesus
- Jericho,
Canaanite city, the first one to fall during Joshua conquest
- Jerome,
Christian father who translated the Bible from Greek to Latin
- Jesus
- Jezebel, wife of Ahab, death in Jezreel
- Johanan ben Zakai, rabbi, founder
of Yavne talmudic school (yeshiva)
- John the Baptist, predicator before
Jesus
- Joseph, son of Jacob and Rachel, in Egypt, death, burial in Sichem
- Josephus, Jewish army commander,
Judeo-Roman historian
- Joshua son of Hananyah, rabbi, friend to Hadrian
- Joshua son of Nun, sent by Moses as
explorer, leader of the conquest of Canaan, death
- Jubilee,
cycle of generations,
- Judah
son of Jacob, his sons from Tamar
- Judah Halevi, author of the Kuzari
- Judah of Regensburg, rabbi in 13th century Germany who authored a famous prophecy for the End of Days
- Judges period: Othniel, Ehud, Shamgar, Gideon and the 300 fighters, Deborah, Tola, Yair, Samson, Yiftah and the 300 years, Ibzan, Elon, Avdon
- Julian,
Roman emperor so-called The
Apostate
- Julius Caesar, Roman general and emperor
- Justin,
early Christian writer who endeavoured to prove to the Jews that Jesus
was the Messiah
K
- Ka'b
al-Ahbar, a Jewish scholar from Yemen who had converted to
Islam, and was advisor to Omar ibn al-Khattab
- Kagan, Israel Meir, Jewish scholar of 19th century Belarus who founded the yeshiva of Radun and authored the Chafetz Chayim
- Kahina,
Judeo-Berber leader who led the war against the Muslims for 12 years
until 702
- Kaifeng, city of China where a first Jewish community had settled in the Middle Ages
- Kairouan,
city founded by the Muslims in 670, with the first mosque in North
Africa
- Karaite,
a sect founded in Bagdad about 760 CE who deviated from core Judaism; in Egypt, they were opposed by Saadia (who later became Gaon)
- Keturah, second wife of Abraham
- Khaibar,
one of the major Jewish settlement in Arabia conquered by Muhammad
- Khazars,
a people of Central Europe who converted to Judaism about 800 CE
- Khmelnysky, commander of Cossacks who wiped out hundreds of Jewish villages in Ukraine
- Kingdom
period: Saul, David, Solomon, Scission and chronology of the two kingdoms
- Kings
of Israel (main ones): Jeroboam, Ahab, Jeroham, Jehu, Jehoash, Jeroboam II, Shallum, Menachem, Pekah, Hoshea, end of the kingdom of Israel
- Kings
of Judah (main ones): Rehoboam, Asa, Jehoshaphat, Jeroham, Joash, Joash inscription, Amaziah, Uzziah, Ahaz, Hezekiah, Manasseh, Josiah, Jehoiakim, Zedekiah last king
- Kinnot, lamentation poems generally composed after catastrophies that fell on Jewish communities
- Kishinev, town of Moldova, that witnessed one of the worst pogroms in Imperial Russia
- Kook, Rav Kook, first Chief Rabbi of Israel during the British Mandate
- Kurkh
Stela, monolith with inscription about the battle of Qarqar
won by Shalmanezer III against a large coalition
- Kuzari (the Book of Kuzari) was written by Judah Halevi to relate on an hypothetical religious discussion with the King of the Khazars
L
- Laban, father-in-law
of Jacob
- Lachish was the second city in importance after Jerusalem in the kingdom of Judea; excavations are pursued there
- Lamech, descendant of Cain
- Lateran (or Latran), city where the Pope conveyed several councils in the Middle Ages; the Fourth Council decreed that the Jews should wear a distinctive piece of clothe
- Lehi, see Stern, Abraham
- Lemech, son of Metushalach
- Limborch, Philipp van, Protestant priest from Holland who held many conversations with Baltahzar Orobio and published them
- Lithuania, granted asylum to Jews in the 14th century
- Lord Moyne, British Resident in Cairo during WW-II; he opposed the Blood for Trucks
initiative, which attempted to save one million Jews from Hungary, and
was assassinated by the Lehi (Stern Group) in late 1943
- Lost Tribes
of Israel, deportation to Assyria, Pashtun of Afghanistan, with the Scythians
- Lot, daughters
- Louis IX of France, applied harsh policies against the Jews
- Lucius Quietus, Roman general of
Berber origin
- Luria, Isaac, Jewish scholar of Safed credited as the founder of Kabbalah
- Luther, German monk who was opposed to the system of "Indulgences" used by the Church; he founded the Lutheran Church and also translated the Bible in German; he turned against the Jews once he realised he couldn't gain them to his cause
- Lyon, Hart, Chief Rabbi of England
M
- Maatkare, ill-fated princess of Egypt
- Maccabees: Mattathias and the revolt, Judah Maccabee, Jonathan Maccabee, Tomb of the Maccabees, Simon Maccabee founder of the
Hasmonean Dynasty
- Machaerus, Herodian fortress
- Machpelah Cave, burial place of the
Patriarchs in Hebron
- Maghreb, origin
of the term
- Maimonides, Jewish scholar of world fame
- Maharal of Prague, acronyn name of Rabbi Judah Loew ben Bezalel, attached to the legend of the Golem
- Maharam of Rothenburg, a 13th century rabbi of Germany, who was jailed for a great part of his life
- Malbim, Jewish scholar of the end of the 19th century
- Marduk-Apla-Idina, king of Babylon
- Marx, Karl, political theorist who authored the Communist Manifesto as a call for workers to revolt against the riches
- Masada, Herodian fortress
- Massacre of Lisbon, perpetrated against the Jews in 1506 causing 2,000 deaths in two days
- Meir,
Rabbi of the late 1st and early 2nd century, a convert from
Rome
- Melchizedek, wiseman presumed to be
Shem son of Noah
- Menasseh ben Israel, Rabbi who came from Holland to London and obtained from Cromwell the right of return of Jews to that country
- Mendelsshon, Moses, philosopher during the Enlightenment in Prussia, who promoted the assimilation of the Jews while keeping their faith
- Merneptah,
pharaoh who led a campaign against Canaan at the time of the Judges,
his stele bears the firsr record of 'Israel'
- Mesha king of
Moab, Mesha Stele
- Mesopotamia, post-Flood settlers
- Metushalach, settles in Canaan, death
- Midianites, nomadic people of
Abrahamite descent, living in the Sinai and Negev deserts
- Midrash Tanhuma, a collection of Haggadic traditions issued at about the time when the Talmud of Babylon was compiled
- Moabites,
people descendant of Lot, living on the Eastern side of the Jordan
River, encounter with the Hebrews, rule over Israel
- Molcho, Solomon, a Marrano who converted back to Judaism and was later put to death by order of the Church
- Molten
Sea, a basin located in the Temple courtyard which was used
to purity the priests before their service
- Mongols, Asian people who conquered all Asia and reached the Holy Land where they were defeated by an army of Mamelukes in 1260
- Moon phase, given by the Sages 2000 years ago with a precision lower than half a second
- Mordechai and Esther, main Jewish
characters related to the Purim festival
- Mortara, Edgardo, 6 years old boy who taken from his Jewish parents in Italy and who was converted to the Catholic faith
- Moses, birth, death
- Moses Hess, the so-called "proto-Zionist"
- Muhammad,
founder of Islam
N
- Naama, daughter of Lamech
- Nabataeans,
nomadic people of Abrahamite descent, ancestry
- Nabonides, last king of Babylon
- Nachman of Breslov, Jewish scholar in 19th Eastern Europe
- Narbonne, city of Southern France where a scholastic Jewish community had flourished
- Narmer, pharaoh who founded the First Dynasty of Egypt
- Nash Papyrus
- Nathan of Gaza, false prophet of Sabbatai Zevi, the false Messiah
- Nebuchadnezzar
of Babylon, spoils Jerusalem, destroys the Temple, madness
- Nefertari, queen of Egypt
- Nefertiti, queen of Egypt
- Nehemiah, governor of Judea
- Nephilim, "fallen" angels who
corrupted mankind
- Nero, Roman emperor
- Nerva, close advisor to Nero, became
emperor after the Flavia dynasty
- Netter, Charles, French Jew, co-founder of the Alliance Israelite
Universelle (AIU) and missionary to Palestine to create the first agricultural school there, Mikveh Israel near Jaffa
- Newton, Isaac, English scientist who interested himself in Jewish studies towards the end of his life
- Nimrod, descendant of Cham, reign
- Nicaea,
the modern-day
Iznik in Turkey where Emperor Constantine conveyed a council of
Christian leaders to formalise several principles for the foundation of
the Christian religion in the Roman empire
- Nimri-sin, king of Akkad who conquered Ebla
- Nineveh,
repentance during Sennacherib, destruction
- Noah,
his three sons, the Ark, descendants, death, Noachide
Laws
- Nostradamus, astrologer of Jewish origin who wrote predictions said to cover the times until the end of the world
- Number
2 as revelation of God, the 2 tablets of the Law, the
death of Titus
- Number
3 as totalness, 3 meals of Shabbat, 3 high festivals, 3
judges, 3 levels of corruption of mankind, 3 sons of Noah
- Number 4 as cycle towards redemption, with example of the 4th generation of Hebrews in Egypt
- Number 6 as the number associated with Nature
- Number
7 as the completed goal, the will of God and the cycle building towards
the Jubilee,
the Shabbat, the 7th generation of Lamech, the 7 Noachide Laws, the 14th generation of the Flood, the 21st generation of the Exodus, the 28th generation of the return to Sion,
the 35th generation when the Jewish people
became a spiritual-only nation, the 7x7 pre-Messianic era ; for more interesting fact about the number 7, check this Youtube video
- Number
22 as number of letters of alphabet, generation of Jacob, reunion of Joseph and Jacob, relation to Passover
- Number 26 as numerical value of God's name, Abram age at the new millennium, God
speaks to Abram for the first time, the birth
of Isaac, 26th Generation, the last dynasty of local rulers in Egypt,
Nebuchadnezzar's end of reign after 26 years
- Number 36 as the essence of
Light, for example in the
36 righteous people that live in every generation (Talmud Sukkah 45b),
of the 36 candles of Chanukah (1+2+...+8=36), or even the majority that
is needed for a Sanhedrin to get a verdict (36 votes out of 70
members); the words related to the original Light of the Creation
(light, luminaries, lamp) appears 36 times in the Torah; also the
Talmud is composed of 36 tractates; the number 36 is also
reflected in the 36th Generation
- Number
40 as maturity/transition, 40 days of flood, Isaac married at 40, Moses stayed 40
days on Mount Sinai, the 40 years in the wilderness, 40 years oppression by Philistines, 40 days of Nineveh, 40
years of punishment for Judah
- Number 70 as the period of exile before redemption, the 70 years of Babylonian exile prophetised by Jeremiah, explained by Rashi, recalled by Daniel from Jeremiah's prophecy, 70 Jubilee periods between the return of Jacob to Canaan and the creation of the State of Israel
- Number
400 as something negative that turns into something positive (a new
cycle, a redemption), 400
shekels of silver paid by Abraham, 400 men of Esau in his
encounter with Jacob, 400 years of oppression
- Nuremberg Trial, international court who judged the Nazi criminals at the end of WW-II
O
- Obadiah ben Abraham, Jewish scholar from Bertinoro, Italy, who settled in Jerusalem in 1488 and revived the Jewish community there
- Octavian,
see Augustus
- Og, legendary giant and king of Bashan, in Biblical times
- Omar
ibn al-Khattab, one of his fathers-in-law of Muhammad, who
led the conquest of Palestine and of the Sassanid empire
- Onkelos, a Roman convert,
from noble origin, author of the Targum
- Othniel,
conqueror of Hebron, became Judge
- Oxyrhynchus
Papyrii, several papyrii found in Egypt and which contain,
for some of them, references to Biblical stories
P
- Pact
of Omar, a protection given to non-Muslims (dhimmis) in
exchange for their acceptance of restrictions
- Paul
the Apostle, claiming to be a Benjaminite, arrestation
- Pedro Arbues, inquisitor who was murdered at the beginning of the Spanish Inquisition
- Persian
kings: Cyrus, Cambyses II, Darius, Xerxes, Artaxerxes
- Perushim, groups of students of the Vilna Gaon who emigrated to Eretz Israel at the beginning of the 19th century
- Pesikta Rabbati, a work compiled about 847 CE; it gives a calculation of the duration of the two Temples
- Petrus Alphonsi, Spanish Jew who converted to Christianity and attempted to disprove Judaism
- Pharaohs
of Egypt: Sobekhotep IV, Khendjer, Ahmose I, Amenhotep I, Thutmose III, Amenhotep II, Thutmose IV, Amenhotep III, Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten), Tutankhamen, Ay, Horemheb, Ramses II, Psusennes I, Osorkon the Elder, Shoshenq, Necoh, Psamtik, Apries (Hophra)
- Philistines,
oppress Israel, David and Goliath
- Phoenicians, allies to Solomon, maritime
power, origin of their name
- Pi,
mathematical number used in the geometry of the circle
- Pierre Belon, of France, travelled to the Levant qnd the Holy Land in the 16th century
- Pilgrim of Bordeaux, Christian pilgrim of the 4th century who travelled to the Holy Land and left an account; his actual name remains unknown
- Pogroms, massacres organised in Jewish quarters within Christian cities; many were caused during the First Crusade, and a wave of several massacres took place from 1240
- Pombal, Marquis of, Portuguese nobleman who opposed the Inquisition and the King about their policy against the Jews
- Pompey, Roman general
- Pontius Pilate, Roman prefect of
Judea
- Procopius
of Caesarea, his testimonial about the North Africa peoples
- Prophets:
Samuel, death of Samuel, Elijah, Elisha, Amos, Isaiah, Jonah, Jeremiah, vision of Ezekiel, death of Ezekiel, Haggai, Zechariah, Nahum
- Protocols of the Elders of Zion, pamphlet published in Russia that accused the Jews of wanting to take control of the world
- Ptolemaic
Dynasty: Ptolemy III the Benefactor, Ptolemy
IV Philopator, Ptolemy V Epiphanes, Ptolemy Philometor, Ptolemy IX Lathyros, Ptolemy X, Ptolemy XIII against Julius Caesar, Cleopatra
- Pumbedita:
a town of Babylonia where many Jewish scholars lived and contributed to
the writing of the Talmud
Babli (the Babylonian Talmud)
Q
- Qumran,
location of an ancient Essenes city on the western side of the Dead Sea
where scrolls of manuscripts dating from 100BCE and later were found in
1946
- Qurayzah,
the last Jewish tribe of Medina that Muhammad ordered to murder
R
- Rabba,
one of the leading figure of the Babylonian amoraim
- Rabinowitz, Isaac, Rabbi who authored the Sefer Dorot Harishonim that covered chronologial Jewish history from until the end of the Gaonim period
- Rachel, wife of Jacob, mother of
Joseph and Benjamin
- Raphael Levy, acused of ritual murder in France and burnt at the stake in 1670
- Rashi, the most famous Jewish commentator, who lived in Troyes, France
- Rebekah, wife of Isaac, mother of
Jacob and Esau
- Reform Judaism in England
- Resh Lakish, the most prominent amora of the Second Generation
- Return
to Sion: Exodus, under Cyrus, revolt of the Maccabees
- Reubeni, David, Jewish adventurer who managed to gather many followers after him, thinking he was announcing the Messiah
- Rezin, king of Aram
- Richard I "Lionheart", king of England whose coronation in London caused the massacre of Jews
- Rome,
founded by Benjaminites, Numa king of Rome, Covenant with the Maccabees
- Rosetta Stone
- Rotation
of the Earth, as described by 3rd century Rabbi Hamnuna the
Elder
- Ruth the Moabite, ancestor of King
David
S
- Saadia Gaon, one of the last and most prominent of the Gaonim
- Sabbatai Zevi, false Messiah who finally converted to Islam to avoid death
- Sabbation River
- Safed, city of Galilee that was the home of Kabbalists under the Ottoman rule
- Saladin, Muslim leader who succeeded to unify the Muslim forces and conquer the Holy Land from the Crusaders
- Saljuks, Muslim Turks who conquered Jerusalem in the 11th century
- Salome Alexandra, wife
of Alexander Jannai, sister of Simeon ben Shetach (Nassi of
Sanhedrin)
- Samuel ha-Nagid, Jew from Muslim Spain who became vizir to the Berber king of Cordoba
- Sanhedrin
heads: Yose
ben Yoezer and Yose ben Johanan, Joshua ben Perachiah and Nittai the Arbelite,
Simeon ben Shetach and Joshua ben Tabbai,
Shemaiah and Avtalyon, Hillel and Shammai, Simeon ben Hillel, Rabban Gamaliel, death of Gamaliel, Shimon ben Gamaliel, Johanan
ben Zakai, Rabban Gamaliel II, Shimon ben Gamaliel II, Judah ha-Nassi, Hillel
II, Gamaliel VI the last nassi
- Sarah, wife of Abraham, death
- Sargon, king of Akkad
- Sargon II, king of Assyria
- Sassanid,
the dynasty who reigned over the former Persian
empire until the arrival of Islam
- Schiff, Tevele, Chief Rabbi of England
- Schneur Zalman of Liadi, Jewish scholar of 19th century Eastern Europe
- Scroll of the Fasts
- Seder
Olam (Rabbah): calculation of the Judges, calculation of the First Temple, calculation of the 70 years of Babylon,
comparison
with present chronology
- Seder Olam Zutta, an addition to the Seder Olam Rabbah to cover the period of the Exilarchy in Babylon
- Sefer Yetzirah, or Book of Creation, is the oldest Kabbalist book
- Sepphoris,
city of Galilee where the
Sanhedrin settled for some time
- Seleucid
Dynasty: Seleucus Nicator, Antiochus III the Great, Antiochus
IV Epiphanes, Demetrius Soter, Wars of succession, Antiochus VII, Demetrius III
- Sennacherib
of Assyria, campaign in Judea, siege of Lachish, siege of Jerusalem, repentance, assassination,
- Septimus
Severus, Roman emperor
- Septuagint,
translation of the Bible into Greek
- Seth,
son of Adam, death
- Seti I, pharaoh of the 19th Dynasty of Egypt, who campaigned against rebellous cities in Canaan
- Shalmanezer
III, king of Assyria, Black Obelisk
- Shalmanezer V, king of Assyria, conqueror
of the kingdom of Israel
- Shapur
II, king of the Sassanid empire who had a Jewish mother
- Shefaram, city of Galilee where the
Sanhedrin settled after Yavneh
- Shem,
son of Noah, his sons, descendants, as Melchizedek, death
- Shem Tov ibn Shaprut, debater in the Disputation of Pamplona and author of the Even Bohan
- Shepherds' Crusade: crusade
followed by many young people from France who aimed to fre Spain from
the Moors, but decimated many Jewish communities on their way
- Shiloah plaque, tunnel of Jerusalem
dug by Hezekiah
- Shlomo ben Aderet, the Rashba, Jewish scholar of Medieval Spain
- Shoah, see Holocaust
- Shoshenq,
Meshwesh pharaoh of Egypt, alliance with Jeroboam, sack of Jerusalem
- Sibylline Oracles
- Sicarii, Jewish sect practising
political assassinations during the Roman rule
- Sichemites, people of the city-state
of Sichem
- Simbar-Sihu, king of Babylon
- Simeon bar Yohai, rabbi disciple of
Akiva, author of the Zohar
- Simon bar Giora, head of the
Sicarii, execution in Rome
- Simon
the Just, head of the Sanhedrin and High Priest who met with
Alexander the Great
- Sodom and Gomorrah, wicked cities
destroyed by God
- Sol
Invictus, Roman pagan festival falling at the soltice of
winter which served as official date for Christmas
- Solomon Alami, fled persecutions in Spain in the 14th century, and authored a famous letter on the subject
- Spanish Inquisition,
institution created by the Catholic Monarchs to prosecute and punish
the Jews who converted to Christianity but continued to practice
Judaism in secret
- Sparta,
Leonidas and the 300
- Spinoza, Baruch, Jewish philosopher who got excommunicated for promoting assimilation
- Sumer,
foundation, king list
- Stern, Abraham "Yair", leader and founder of the Lehi
(also called Stern Group) during the British Mandate who carried
out assassinations and terrorit actions to push Britain to leave
Palestine
T
- Table
of Solomon,
one of the treasures of the Jewish Temple which was taken away by Titus
in 70 CE; it was later found in Spain in the 8th century
- Tahpenes, queen of Egypt
- Targum,
of Onkelos
- Tariq
ibn Ziyad, the Muslim general who conquered Spain in the 8th
century CE
- Tel-Dan Stele
- Templars, Order created after the First Crusade, persecuted in France in the 14th century
- Temple
of Jerusalem: First Temple construction, destruction, Second Temple construction, completion, restored service and Channukkah, destruction by Titus
- Theodosius,
Roman emperor who split the Roman empire in two
- Theophrastus,
a Greek philosopher, disciple of Aristotle, who considered the Jews as
"philosophers by descent"
- Tiaa, daughter of Pharaoh,
adopted Moses
- Tiberius
Alexander,
an Alexandrian of Jewish origin but his family had assimilated and
embraced Roman culture and citizenship; he was procurator of Judea at
the beginning of the reign of Agrippa II, then governor of Alexandria
during the Jewish War, before joining Titus in the final siege against
Jerusalem
- Tiglath-Pileser III, king of Assyria
- Tigranes II, king of Armenia
- Titus,
1st campaign in Judea, siege of Jerusalem
- Tobit, Jewish exile of Assyria
- Toledo, city of Muslim Spain where an important Jewish community had flourished; it was equally important for the Jewish community under the Christian rule
- Torquemada, principal inquisitor in Spain
- Tower of Babel
- Trajan, Roman emperor
- Translations of the Bible: the Septuagint in Greek, the Vulgate in Latin, the Lutheran in German, King James in English
- Treasures
of the Temple, taken by Titus, taken
from Rome by Genseric, returned
to Jerusalem by Justinian,
lost when the
Persians took the city
- Turnus
Rufus, governor of Judea named by Titus after the fall of
Jerusalem in 70 CE
- Tuval-Cain, son of Lamech, initiator of
the Bronze Age
- Twain, Mark, visited the Holy Land and wrote a book about his travel
U
- Umayyad, the first dynasty of Islam after the Rashidun period
- Unetanneh Tokef, prayer read during Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur, see entry on 'Amnon of Mainz'
- Ur, city-state of Mesopotamia
- Ur-Nammu, city-state of Mesopotamia, code
- Uruk, city-state of Mesopotamia
- Ussher chronology, Christian chronology of the Bible
- Uzziah
Tablet, a stone found in Jerusalem bearing the mention of the
bones of King Uzziah
V
- Vale of the Tears, book written by Joseph Ha-Cohen that relates the persecutions and ordeals of Jews in Medieval times
- Vandals,
barbarian people who invaded Northern Africa and sacked Rome
- Venice, city of Northern Italy which featured both the first ghetto in Europe and the first printing of the Talmud
- Vespasian, Roman general conqueror
of Judea, then emperor founder of the Flavia dynasty, father of Titus
- Vilna Gaon, a leading figure of Orthodox Jewry in late 18th century Lithuania, and left a strong legacy in European Jewry
- Vital, Hayim, disciple of Kabbalist Isaac Luria who compiled his teachings in the book Etz Chayim
- Vulgate,
Latin translation of the Hebrew Bible
W
- Wannsee Conference, meeting of Nazi officials who decided for the Final Solution to exterminate the European Jews
- War of the Jews (66-70 CE)
- Wilhelm II, Kayser of Prussia, who came to Jerusalem in 1898 and met Theodor Herzl
- William of Norwich, name of a young boy found murdered in Norwich and for which the Jews were accused of blood libel
- Writing,
invention
X
Y
- Yafeth,
son of Noah, his sons, descendants
- Yavneh,
religious school established by Johanan ben Zakai
- Yitro, priest of the Midianites,
father-in-law of Moses
- York, a city of Northern England where Jews were massacred in the Middle Age
- Yusef
Dhu Nuwas, sse Dhu Nuwas
Z
- Zadok,
disciple of Antigonus of Socho from whom the Saduccee sect started
- Zakkur Stele
- Zealots, Jewish sect in favour of
the revolt against Rome, created when Judea became a Roman
province
- Zionism, see Herzl, Theodor
- Zionist Congress,
organization that gathered Jews from different nations to help build
the institutions to promote and implement a Jewish homeland in Palestine
- Zohar, mystical book authored by
Simeon bar Yohai; it started to be publicly known around 1280 CE
|